Water pollution poses a critical threat to global health, ecosystems, and sustainable development. This study investigates the issue within the context of Sudan, focusing on the Nile River as the primary water source for millions. The research aims to identify the key sources of water pollution, evaluate its detrimental effects on the environment and public health, and explore effective solutions for mitigation and control.The study employs a case study methodology, centering on the Bahri Water Treatment Plant in Khartoum. Data collection involved the analysis of water samples from the Nile River (raw water), after sedimentation, and after final treatment. These samples were subjected to chemical and microbiological testing to quantify pollutants such as sediments, nitrates, heavy metals, and E. coli. Findings confirm that the main sources of pollution are industrial discharge, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, and untreated domestic sewage. The analysis at Bahri Plant demonstrated that while the existing treatment processes are effective in significantly reducing sediment and microbial contamination—producing water free of E. coli and suspended solids—significant challenges remain. High sediment loads during the rainy season strain the system, and the persistent presence of contaminants in the raw water highlights the severity of pollution in the Nile. The study concludes that a multi-faceted approach is essential. Recommendations include upgrading the plant's infrastructure with advanced technologies like reverse osmosis, enforcing stricter regulations on industrial and agricultural waste, promoting Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), and launching public awareness campaigns. This comprehensive strategy is vital to safeguard Sudan's water resources, protect public health, and ensure a sustainable water future.