This research paper explores the enduring challenges of inequality and poverty in India, a nation characterized by its remarkable economic growth, cultural diversity, and social complexity. The paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of inequality and poverty, examining their economic, social, and political underpinnings. It investigates the consequences of these challenges, including health disparities, educational inequalities, and social unrest, and underscores the imperative of proactive policy measures. The study reviews key policy implications, including poverty alleviation programs, educational reforms, healthcare initiatives, and social welfare measures. Moreover, it discusses the challenges and future directions for India as it seeks to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability, ensure social inclusion, and foster good governance. In conclusion, this research underscores the urgency of addressing these challenges and achieving equitable development in India, offering a comprehensive framework for policymakers and stakeholders to consider.