The financial sector, specifically institutions operating in capital markets, remains a prime target for evolving cyber threats due to its heavy reliance on interconnected digital systems today. This study examines the role of cybersecurity audits and adaptive defense mechanisms in mitigating these threats, using financial institutions as a case study. Cybersecurity audits play a critical role in identifying vulnerabilities, ensuring regulatory compliance, and strengthening organizational defenses. Adaptive defense strategies, such as AI-driven monitoring and real-time threat mitigation, enhance the effectiveness of these audits. By analyzing case studies and assessing audit methodologies, this research underscores the significance of integrating cybersecurity audits with adaptive measures to safeguard sensitive financial data and preserve the operational integrity of financial institutions. The findings highlight the necessity of robust and dynamic cybersecurity practices in fostering financial system resilience, protecting stakeholder confidence, and contributing to economic stability.