This study examines the trends and determinants of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in public and private sector banks in India over the period 2005–2017. NPAs, a key indicator of banking sector health, reflect the quality of assets and the efficiency of credit risk management. The period under review captures phases of rapid credit expansion, global financial instability, and subsequent regulatory interventions, making it significant for comparative analysis. Using secondary data sourced from the Reserve Bank of India and bank-specific financial reports, the study employs descriptive and comparative statistical techniques to evaluate the magnitude and growth of NPAs across both sectors. Key indicators such as Gross NPA ratios, Net NPA ratios, and sectoral distribution of stressed assets are analyzed to identify patterns and divergences. The findings reveal a pronounced increase in NPAs in public sector banks, particularly after 2011, largely driven by exposure to infrastructure, steel, and power sectors, coupled with issues like poor credit appraisal and delayed project implementation. In contrast, private sector banks demonstrated relatively better asset quality, attributed to stricter credit risk assessment practices and proactive recovery mechanisms. The study further highlights the impact of macroeconomic factors, policy changes, and regulatory measures such as asset quality review and insolvency frameworks on NPA recognition and resolution. While both sectors were affected by economic downturns, public sector banks exhibited greater vulnerability due to governance challenges and higher exposure to large corporate loans. The paper concludes that strengthening risk management practices, improving governance frameworks, and enhancing recovery mechanisms are essential for mitigating NPAs. It also underscores the need for continued regulatory vigilance and structural reforms to ensure long-term stability and efficiency of the Indian banking system.