Income and wealth inequality remain among the most critical developmental challenges in India despite sustained economic growth over the past several decades. While economic liberalisation accelerated growth and expanded opportunities in sectors such as services, finance, and technology, the benefits of development have remained unevenly distributed across regions, occupations, and social groups. This study analytically examines the evolution of India’s policies and programmes aimed at reducing income and wealth inequalities from the post-Independence planning era to the contemporary period of digital welfare governance. The study is based on secondary data from government reports, Economic Surveys, NITI Aayog publications, RBI reports, World Bank estimates, Oxfam reports, and the World Inequality Database. The findings reveal that early policy interventions focused on land reforms, public sector expansion, rural development, and progressive taxation to promote distributive justice. After 1991, market-oriented reforms accelerated economic growth but also widened socio-economic disparities. In recent years, particularly after 2014, technology-driven welfare delivery through DBT and the JAM Trinity has significantly improved efficiency and access to welfare. Programmes such as PM-KISAN, PMGKAY, Ayushman Bharat, PMAY, and GST reforms contributed to reductions in poverty, food insecurity, and healthcare access, as well as to financial inclusion. The World Bank estimates that nearly 171 million people moved out of extreme poverty between 2011–12 and 2022–23. However, the study also finds that wealth concentration, labour market inequality, informal employment, and regional disparities continue to remain major structural challenges. The paper concludes that sustainable inequality reduction requires not only welfare expansion but also deeper reforms in employment generation, education, healthcare, taxation, and asset distribution.