Human Capital Management (HCM) refers to the strategic approach of managing employees to improve organizational performance and profitability. This study examines the role of HCM practices — including training and development, performance appraisal, employee motivation, and job satisfaction — in improving the profitability of Indian Overseas Bank (IOB), Keelkattalai Branch, Chennai. Primary data was collected from 60 employees using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through percentage analysis, Pearson correlation, and chi-square tests. The findings reveal that effective HCM practices positively impact employee productivity, service quality, and branch profitability. However, gaps exist in training effectiveness, appraisal transparency, management support, and rewards systems. The study concludes that strategic investment in human capital is essential for sustaining growth and competitiveness in public sector banking.