This literature review synthesizes contemporary research on the evolving trends, structural challenges, and strategic responses shaping global agricultural export markets. The reviewed studies highlight major transitions driven by digitalization, ESG requirements, technological innovation, and shifting market structures. Evidence shows that technological formalization, including hybrid seed adoption and proprietary input systems, is reshaping production quality and market competitiveness. ESG standards have become essential for market access, though adoption requires stronger incentives and supportive financing. Digital tools improve market access, reduce information asymmetry, and strengthen supply-chain transparency; however, their effectiveness depends on adequate physical infrastructure and institutional capacity. Supply-chain vulnerabilities such as weak storage, port congestion, and logistical bottlenecks remain significant barriers that increase costs and amplify systemic risks. Policy decisions, including export restrictions, can worsen global price volatility and undermine market stability. At the firm level, proactive market orientation, organizational innovation, and rapid internationalization enhance export performance, while layered digital capabilities support resilience and long-term competitiveness. Overall, the review demonstrates that agricultural export success depends on the integration of advanced technologies, resilient infrastructure, coherent policy frameworks, and strategic organizational capabilities. The literature also reveals gaps related to quantifying systemic inefficiencies and understanding organizational change within export-oriented agri-food firms.