The fruit and vegetable sector is one of the strategically important branches of agriculture, playing a significant role in ensuring food security for the population, supplying raw materials to the agro-industrial complex, and increasing export potential. In modern economic conditions, the sustainable development of this sector requires a scientifically grounded analysis of modernization processes and their comprehensive assessment. The article analyzes theoretical approaches to the modernization of the fruit and vegetable sector and proposes a system of indicators covering technological, agro-ecological, economic, institutional, and innovative factors for assessing the sector. Based on these indicators, a conceptual model for the comprehensive evaluation of sectoral modernization has been developed. The results of the study contribute to a systematic assessment of sector development, more efficient use of resources, and an increase in its competitiveness.