stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 18347
    [paper_index] => 202512-01-025173
    [title] => SANITATION AND SCHOOLING IN RURAL BIHAR: EVALUATING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WASH PROGRAMMES THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS
    [description] => 
    [author] => Dr. Orusa Karim
    [googlescholar] => 
    [doi] => https://doi.org/10.36713/epra25173
    [year] => 2025
    [month] => December
    [volume] => 11
    [issue] => 12
    [file] => fm/jpanel/upload/2025/December/202512-01-025173.pdf
    [abstract] => Sanitation in schools has become an essential aspect of educational equity, health, and dignity. India's Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan (2014) and Jal Jeevan Mission (2019) were both efforts to make sure that all schools had access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Policy frameworks claim to have almost universal coverage, yet in rural India, especially Bihar, there are big gaps between building infrastructure and making it work. This study examines the material and social aspects of sanitation in schools, utilizing official reports-UDISE+ 2021-22, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) Report 2023, and the National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS 2022-23) and corroborated by field observations from five government middle schools in Darbhanga district. It contends that sanitation transcends infrastructure issues, representing a societal problem influenced by caste hierarchy, gender norms, and institutional indifference. Even though almost everyone has access to toilets, the lack of maintenance, water, and menstrual hygiene management still pushes rural girls to the edges of society and makes structural inequities worse. The study indicates that substantive sanitation reform in schools necessitates a transition from construction-centric evaluation to a focus on functionality, inclusion, and behavioural modification.
    [keywords] => Sanitation, Rural Bihar, WASH, Gender, Caste, Sociology of Education, Darbhanga
    [doj] => 2025-12-09
    [hit] => 
    [status] => 
    [award_status] => P
    [orderr] => 30
    [journal_id] => 1
    [googlesearch_link] => 
    [edit_on] => 
    [is_status] => 1
    [journalname] => EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)
    [short_code] => IJMR
    [eissn] =>  2455-3662 (Online)
    [pissn] => - --
    [home_page_wrapper] => images/products_image/11.IJMR.png
)
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