This study investigates long-term vegetation dynamics in the Charvak Reservoir region of Uzbekistan during the 1991–2020 climatic period, using NDVI time series derived from Landsat satellite imagery. By comparing summer-season NDVI composites for 1991 and 2020, we identified spatial patterns of vegetation gain and loss. The results show a predominant greening trend across the basin, particularly in foothill and riparian areas, while localized zones exhibited NDVI decline. To understand the drivers of these changes, we analyzed regional climate data, revealing a significant warming trend (+0.04 °C/year) and a concurrent decline in annual precipitation (–8.6 mm/year). These climatic shifts likely contributed to extended growing seasons and altered hydrological regimes. The integration of remote sensing and climate datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of satellite-based monitoring for evaluating vegetation response to environmental variability in mountainous reservoir landscapes. The findings underscore the importance of continued observation in the context of climate change and ecosystem resilience.