Prodrug nanoparticles represents a cutting-edge approach in drug delivery, combining the advantages of prodrug design and nanotechnology to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the development and application of prodrug nanoparticles in various therapeutic areas. Through a critical analysis of current literature and case studies, we aim to highlight the versatility, challenges and potential future direction of prodrug nanoparticle therapies.