Soil functionality is a cornerstone of terrestrial ecosystems, directly influencing agricultural productivity, ecological balance, and environmental sustainability. This literature review explores the role of physico-chemical properties in shaping soil functionality, focusing on key parameters such as soil texture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), moisture content, and electrical conductivity. These properties determine soil’s ability to support plant growth, retain water, filter pollutants, and facilitate nutrient cycling. The review highlights the critical influence of soil texture and structure on water retention, aeration, and root penetration, while soil pH is shown to govern nutrient availability and microbial activity. Organic matter contributes significantly to soil fertility, carbon storage, and structural integrity, while CEC regulates nutrient retention and exchange. Moisture content and porosity play essential roles in maintaining the balance of air and water in the soil, crucial for microbial ecosystems. Electrical conductivity, as a measure of salinity, underscores the impact of excessive salt levels on soil health and crop productivity. Current research gaps include limited understanding of the dynamic interactions between these properties under changing environmental conditions and the impact of human activities such as intensive agriculture and urbanization. Emerging technologies, such as remote sensing and machine learning, offer promising tools for studying these properties on a broader scale and addressing sustainability challenges. This review emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to soil management, combining scientific insights with practical applications, to ensure soil health and functionality for future generations. By synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying research priorities, this paper contributes to advancing the field of soil science and promoting sustainable land use practices.