Deen Dayal Upadhyaya, an Indian philosopher, political thinker and economist, introduced the concept of Integral Humanism as an alternative to Western economic models and prevailing political ideologies in India. His philosophy emphasizes a holistic approach to human development, blending material progress with spiritual well-being. Integral Humanism challenges the consumer-driven economic frameworks of the West, which prioritize profit maximization and unchecked growth, by advocating for a balanced development model that nurtures both material and spiritual growth. Upadhyaya’s economic vision critiques both capitalist and socialist systems. Capitalism, driven by consumerism and profit, leads to inequality, exploitation of labour and environmental degradation. Socialism, on the other hand, centralizes control, suppresses individual freedoms, and stifles creativity. Integral Humanism presents an alternative by emphasizing self-reliance, decentralized production, and ethical values. In this model, local communities and individuals have control over resources, reducing dependency on external forces and fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility. A core element of Integral Humanism is sustainability, which extends beyond ecological balance to include economic, social and cultural sustainability. Upadhyaya envisioned a development model that does not exploit natural resources or marginalized communities. He sought a harmonious coexistence between nature and human civilization, where growth is measured by the well-being of all citizens, particularly those in rural areas. Upadhyaya believed rural development should be central to India’s development strategy, as the majority of the population resides in rural areas. Decentralized production systems are key to this model. By empowering local communities to produce goods locally, wealth can be distributed more evenly and economic activities can align with local needs, reducing environmental impact. This model counters the negative effects of long supply chains and resource wastage seen in centralized systems. Upadhyaya’s economic thought remains relevant today in addressing challenges such as poverty, economic inequality, and environmental degradation. His emphasis on self-reliance, sustainable development, and ethical living provides a framework for policies that prioritize human dignity, social justice and ecological balance over unchecked profit maximization.