The Nizam's State of Hyderabad, one of the largest princely states in pre-Independence India, was home to a diverse array of tribal communities that played a vital role in shaping its sociocultural fabric. This study offers a historical and sociocultural examination of the major tribes, including the Gonds, Kolams, Chenchus, Koyas, and Lambadas (Banjaras), focusing on their cultural identity, traditional practices, and interactions with the administrative policies of the Nizam. The paper explores how the Nizam's governance impacted tribal livelihoods, particularly through land tenure systems, taxation policies, and forest regulations, which often marginalized these communities. It also investigates the influence of external factors such as British colonial policies, missionary interventions, and regional socio-political movements on the tribes' cultural autonomy and socio-economic status. The research further delves into the tribes' cultural heritage, examining their rituals, folklore, and art forms, which underscore their deep connection with nature and their resilience in preserving traditions amidst systemic disruptions. The study highlights the active participation of tribal groups in resistance movements, including their role in the Telangana Rebellion (1946–1951), as a response to socio-economic exploitation. By drawing on archival records and ethnographic sources, this research underscores the importance of integrating tribal histories into mainstream historical narratives and policy frameworks. The findings emphasize the need for sustainable development strategies that respect and preserve tribal identities while addressing their socio-economic challenges.