This paper provides a comprehensive historical and linguistic analysis of the evolution of the English language, tracing its journey from Proto-Indo-European origins to its current role as a global lingua franca. It outlines the major chronological stages—Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English—highlighting the phonological, morphological, and syntactic transformations that occurred due to both internal linguistic processes and external sociopolitical factors. Key influences include the migration of Germanic tribes, the Christianization of Britain, Norse and Norman invasions, the Renaissance, the advent of the printing press, and British colonial expansion. These events not only expanded the English lexicon through language contact with Latin, Old Norse, and French, but also led to structural simplifications and standardization. The study further examines how English diversified into regional dialects and World Englishes, especially during colonial and postcolonial periods, and how digital technology in the modern era continues to reshape its usage and form. The research emphasizes the adaptability, cultural resilience, and global reach of English, while encouraging ethically grounded linguistic inquiry in light of its complex, dynamic, and multicultural evolution.