CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF EARLY TRIMESTER PREGNANCY LOSS: INSIGHTS FROM A CASE SERIES
K. Likitha, V. Sathish Kumar, K. Martha Grace Voilet, T. Sai Swapna
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajahmundry, 2.Dr. Samuel George Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Markapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Threatened miscarriage is the common gynecological emergency, occurring in about 20% of pregnant women. Early pregnancy loss in a pregnancy is stressful and frustrating to any couple. It becomes even more emotionally traumatic when occurs repeatedly. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 15.3% [95% of 12.5-18.7%] of all recognized pregnancies. The population prevalence of woman who have had one miscarriage is 10.8% [10.3-11.4%], two miscarriages is 1.9% [1.8-2.1%] and three or more miscarriage is 0.7% [0.5-0.8%]. The overall early pregnancy loss rate is thought to be nearly 50%. At least 15% of fertilized ovum is lost before implantation and 20-25% of pregnancies end before they can be clinically defeated leading to an incidence of spontaneous abortion of some 12-19% among clinically recognized pregnancies [2-4]. Risk factors for miscarriages include very young or older female age [younger than 20, older than 35years], older male age[<40yrs], very low or very high body-mass index, block ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollutions, and exposure to pesticides. And psychological consequences like anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicides. In addition to the above-mentioned risk factors, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common complication among women today, also significantly contributes to early pregnancy loss.
Keywords: Miscarriage, Prevalence, Ovum, Implantation, Spontaneous Abortion, Pregnancy Loss.
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EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD)
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Published on : 2025-04-22
| Vol | : | 10 |
| Issue | : | 4 |
| Month | : | April |
| Year | : | 2025 |