Periodization is a systematic approach to athletic training designed to optimize performance, prevent overtraining, and ensure long term athletic development. This article explores the core principles of periodization, including its history, different models, phases, and applications across sports and athlete populations. By breaking down training into cycles macro, meso and micro coaches and athletes can target specific physiological adaptations. This structured approach facilitates peak performance at key competitions and supports long term athlete development. The paper also highlights practical strategies and modern adaptations to traditional periodization models.