Archaic words (archaisms) reflect the daily life, ethnogenesis, gender relations, national-cultural customs, traditions, and values of a people, thus demonstrating specific linguocultural features. The use of archaisms in historical literary works not only forms an understanding of the social and political life and historical context of a given era in the reader’s mind but also serves to develop and enhance the national, cultural, and ethnic worldview typical of a particular nation. Correct interpretation of such culturally bound and ethnographically significant archaisms enables an effective and expressive representation of a people’s spirit, national color, culture, mentality, and worldview in translation. Achieving this, however, requires the combined application of translation studies, linguocultural studies, and linguistics, since without analyzing the national and cultural features of archaisms, it is impossible to achieve adequacy in translation.