Aerosol science is a rapidly evolving and cross-disciplinary area that has significant impacts on human health, climate change, and various technologies. Aerosols, which are minute particles that float in the air, come from a variety of natural and human-made sources and affect global processes such as radiative transfer and cloud formation. This review consolidates the latest progress in important areas of aerosol research, emphasizing notable improvements in measurement methods, modeling, and technologies tailored for specific applications. A colloidal system of tiny solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in a gas is called an aerosol. This assignment offers a thorough analysis of aerosols, including their basic characteristics, many sources, and important effects on the environment and human health. The differences between anthropogenic (such as smoke, industrial pollution) and natural (such as dust, sea spray) aerosols are discussed, along with their origins. The physics and chemistry of aerosol generation, movement, and removal from the atmosphere are among the main subjects covered. The project also explores the deep ramifications of atmospheric aerosols, including their function in respiratory health and air quality as well as their direct and indirect consequences on climate change. Pharmaceutical aerosols' therapeutic uses in inhalation medication administration are illustrated in a special section.