This article examines the relationship between phraseological units (idiomatic expressions) and similes in the Uzbek language based on the short stories of Isajon Sultan. The study is conducted within the framework of linguoculturology, which considers language units not only as linguistic phenomena but also as carriers of cultural, historical, and national meanings. Special attention is paid to the role of similes in forming figurative and expressive meanings and their contribution to the emergence and development of phraseological units. The paper analyzes both external similes, which depict physical and natural phenomena, and internal similes, which reflect the psychological and emotional states of characters. Through a semantic and stylistic analysis of selected examples from Isajon Sultan’s works, the article demonstrates that similes serve as an important cognitive and aesthetic mechanism that transforms free comparisons into stable phraseological expressions over time. The findings reveal that similes function not only as stylistic devices but also as a significant source of phraseological units, reflecting the national mentality, cultural experience, and associative thinking of the Uzbek people.