This article delves into the vital role of capital structure in joint-stock companies, using theoretical frameworks like the Modigliani-Miller theorem and real-world examples from various regions, including Asian conglomerates and European firms. By analyzing strategies, risk management, and sustainability considerations, the study highlights the importance of tailoring capital structures to specific business contexts and market conditions. Through case studies of companies like Nestle and Samsung, it underscores the necessity of aligning financial strategies with both economic uncertainties and evolving societal expectations. The article ultimately serves as a comprehensive guide for businesses striving to achieve balanced and resilient capital structures on a global scale.