This study investigates the empirical transmission mechanisms of monetary policy in the Russian Federation through the application of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) and New Keynesian (NK) models. Utilizing quarterly data from 2010 to 2024, the research analyzes how monetary policy shocks affect key macroeconomic indicators, including output, inflation, and exchange rates, under the conditions of a commodity-dependent economy and heightened external volatility. Results demonstrate that interest rate and exchange rate channels remain the dominant pathways of policy transmission, with notable asymmetries before and after major geopolitical shocks. The study offers policy recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of monetary strategies in response to external and domestic challenges.