Carbon markets have emerged as key market-based instruments within sustainable finance frameworks, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions while mobilizing financial resources for low-carbon development. This study examines the role of carbon markets—including emissions trading systems, carbon pricing mechanisms, and carbon offset markets—in enhancing sustainable finance effectiveness. Using a conceptual and descriptive research approach based on secondary data and existing literature, the study analyses how carbon market mechanisms influence sustainable finance outcomes and how effective sustainable finance contributes to environmental outcomes such as emission reduction and climate mitigation, as well as socioeconomic outcomes including green growth, employment, and innovation. The study further highlights the moderating role of economic and institutional factors, including GDP per capita and political stability, in shaping these relationships. The findings suggest that well-integrated carbon markets, supported by strong policy frameworks and transparent governance, can significantly strengthen sustainable finance and promote long-term environmental and economic resilience. This conceptual framework provides a foundation for future empirical research and offers practical insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and investors seeking to advance sustainable low-carbon development.