This study explores the neurological impacts of mild to moderate traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in Australian collision sports, particularly rugby league, rugby union, and Australian Rules football. These unhelmeted sports present heightened risks for repetitive head impacts, with potential long-term consequences such as cognitive decline and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The aim was to assess current evidence on neurocognitive, ocular motor, neuroimaging, and neuropathological outcomes associated with TBIs, while identifying gaps in diagnosis, classification, and treatment. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed sources accessed through databases like PubMed, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Key references included the 2017 Lancet Neurology Commission on TBI and recent biomechanical studies employing finite element modeling and instrumented mouthguards. The findings suggest that TBI incidence is likely underreported, and current diagnostic tools are often insufficient in capturing the full scope of injury. Existing neuropsychological assessments lack consistency, and gender and age-related differences remain underexplored. The research underscores the urgent need for improved prevention strategies, more accurate diagnostic methods, and multidisciplinary care approaches tailored to athletes. These findings carry significant implications for future research and clinical practices aimed at safeguarding brain health in contact sports. Key areas of concern include youth athletes and other vulnerable populations.