Kerala has experienced a remarkable fertility transition, achieving fertility rates below replacement level well ahead of other Indian states. This paper aims to investigate the trajectory of Kerala’s fertility transition, examine the key socio-economic and cultural factors influence it, and evaluate its long-term implications. Utilizing empirical data and demographic indicators, the study outlines the decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and assesses the influence of factors such as female education, healthcare access, socioeconomic progress, and public policy interventions. It also explores the role of cultural and societal norms that facilitated early adoption of family planning practices. The results highlights the need for adaptive strategies in health, labour, and social welfare sectors to discourse the demographic realities of a post-transition society. Kerala’s experience presents valuable insights for other regions facing similar demographic trajectories.