Education plays a transformative role in shaping the development and progress of societies across the world. This sociological study examines how education influences social, economic, cultural, and political development in both Indian and international contexts. The study highlights education as a key mechanism for social mobility, empowerment, and reduction of inequalities. In India, education has contributed significantly to modernization, democratic participation, and economic growth; however, regional disparities, gender gaps, caste barriers, and unequal access continue to challenge inclusive development. At the international level, global trends show that countries with higher educational attainment demonstrate stronger human development indicators, technological innovation, and greater social cohesion. The study also analyzes the impact of globalisation, digital learning, and knowledge economies on educational opportunities and outcomes. Sociological theories—including functionalism, conflict theory, and human capital theory—are used to understand the relationship between education and societal change. Comparative insights indicate that while developed nations emphasize quality, research, and innovation, developing countries focus on access, equity, and basic education. The findings suggest that education is not only a tool for individual advancement but also a fundamental driver of national progress, social justice, and global competitiveness. Strengthening educational policies, improving quality, and ensuring equity are essential for sustainable development in India and across the world.