Telerehabilitation (TR) has emerged as a pivotal tool in delivering healthcare services remotely, particularly for patients affected by post-COVID syndrome and chronic conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted significant gaps in conventional rehabilitation services due to lockdowns, hospital resource constraints, and patient reluctance for in-person consultations. Telerehabilitation leverages technology, including video conferencing, mobile applications, and wearable devices, to provide remote assessment, intervention, and monitoring of patients’ functional and psychological status. This review explores the multifaceted applications of telerehabilitation in post-COVID management, focusing on pulmonary, neurological, musculoskeletal, and psychological rehabilitation. It also evaluates telerehabilitation’s efficacy in chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Evidence suggests that telerehabilitation can improve functional outcomes, enhance patient adherence, and increase access to healthcare, particularly in resource-limited settings. Advanced technological integrations such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and robotics have further expanded the potential of telerehabilitation, enabling personalized care plans and real-time feedback. However, challenges remain, including limited technological literacy among certain populations, lack of standardized protocols, privacy concerns, and regulatory hurdles. Patient engagement strategies, caregiver support, and hybrid rehabilitation models combining in-person and remote therapy are recommended to optimize outcomes. This review consolidates current evidence, highlights innovations, and identifies research gaps, emphasizing the role of telerehabilitation as a sustainable, scalable, and patient-centered solution for managing post-COVID and chronic health conditions. Future research should focus on large-scale clinical trials, cost-effectiveness studies, and integration of AI-driven predictive models to refine telerehabilitation protocols. By addressing current limitations and leveraging technological advancements, telerehabilitation has the potential to revolutionize rehabilitation practices globally, ensuring continuity of care, improved quality of life, and enhanced functional independence for patients affected by long-term sequelae of COVID-19 and other chronic conditions.