Drug abuse stands as one of the most essential public health and societal issues in the world that causes morbidity and mortality and leads to criminal behaviors. This piece of work is a review and synthesis paper on empirical data of the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment interventions, both behavioral and pharmacological interventions, and integrated interventions. It will review the outcomes of treatment, including relapse reduction, psychosocial functioning, and cost-effectiveness, based on published studies from 2015 to 2025. The review uses a systematic narrative approach and draws on results from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network and recent research in low- and middle-income settings. Findings show that evidence-based interventions, especially in the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial models, play an essential role in enhancing the retention of treatment and decreasing substance use and recidivism. But there are still methodological contradictions, a lack of representation of marginalized groups in the population, and gaps in implementation studies. Some of the policy recommendations are broadening integrated treatment frameworks, increasing equity and cultural responsiveness and evaluation systems. All in all, the evidence confirms the efficacy of drug abuse treatment based on science, equity and systemic cooperation.