Indigenous Knowledge (IK) refers to the accumulated wisdom, skills, and practices developed by communities over generations through their interaction with the environment and cultural experiences. Indigenous Mathematical Knowledge (IMK), as a component of this broader system, represents the mathematical ideas and practices embedded in the cultural traditions, daily activities, and lived experiences of indigenous communities. It includes diverse approaches to counting, measuring, patterning, and problem-solving that are closely connected to local environments and socio-cultural contexts. Recognising the significance of such knowledge systems, there is a growing need to incorporate IMK into contemporary education to make mathematics more meaningful, inclusive, and accessible. This study is guided by two objectives: to analyse the relevance of Indigenous Mathematical Knowledge in contemporary education, and to explore the pedagogical implications and sustainable perspectives of integrating IMK in mathematics education. The study adopts a review-based methodology, drawing on research articles, literature on ethnomathematics and Indigenous Mathematical Knowledge, reports on Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS), and studies of indigenous practices. The findings of the study are organised around three key dimensions: the relevance of IMK in contemporary education, its pedagogical implications for teaching–learning processes, and its contribution to sustainable perspectives. These dimensions collectively highlight the potential of IMK to make mathematics education more inclusive, contextually meaningful, and aligned with sustainability goals. The analysis suggests that integrating IMK can strengthen students’ engagement, connect mathematics with real-life experiences, and promote equity, particularly for indigenous and rural learners. Furthermore, it fosters ecological awareness, ethical values, and locally grounded problem-solving approaches. In alignment with frameworks such as the National Education Policy 2020 and SDG 4, the study concludes that recognizing IMK as a dynamic and evolving knowledge system can transform mathematics education into a more holistic, inclusive, and sustainable discipline, despite having challenges related to implementation and standardisation.