This article examines the bioecological characteristics of stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) in the macrozoobenthos of lakes in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River. Their distribution, ecological associations, and role in aquatic ecosystems in the arid region are discussed. It is established that stoneflies are characterized by low species diversity and uneven distribution, which is associated with high water mineralization, oxygen deficiency, and an unstable hydrological regime. It is shown that they are sensitive bioindicators and are found predominantly in areas with good aeration and low anthropogenic load.