This paper critically reviews literature on open data initiatives in Uganda to assess their influence on governance and policy decision-making, identify challenges, and propose future research directions. A critical integrative review was conducted using Google Scholar, Scopus, and Ugandan governmental/NGO portals (2010–2025). Empirical and policy-analysis studies on open data, statistical portals, or data governance in Uganda were included. Thematic synthesis was applied. Findings show that open data initiatives such as the Open Data Readiness Assessment, UBOS portals, and sectoral data releases have produced incremental gains in evidence availability and transparency. However, impact on actual decision-making remains uneven due to weak institutional capacity, low data literacy, data quality gaps, infrastructure limits, and weak legal enforcement. Policy frameworks (e.g., draft Open Data Policy, EITI policy) are developing but lack mandates and standardization. Most studies are qualitative or case-based; longitudinal and outcome-based impact evaluations are absent. The paper consolidates fragmented evidence and offers policy recommendations. Future research should use mixed-methods and quasi-experimental designs. Policymakers should strengthen legal mandates, infrastructure, data timeliness, and stakeholder engagement. Improved open data implementation could enhance transparency, public trust, citizen participation, and SDG outcomes.