Primary education forms the foundation of lifelong learning and holistic child development. In recent years, rapid technological advancement, policy reforms, globalization, and changing learner needs have transformed teaching-learning practices at the elementary level. The present paper explores recent trends and innovations in teaching and learning at the primary stage with special reference to child-centered pedagogy, experiential learning, digital integration, competency-based education, foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN), inclusive education, and social-emotional learning. The study adopts an analytical and descriptive approach based on secondary sources such as books, policy documents, journal articles, and educational reports. Findings reveal that innovative pedagogical approaches enhance learner engagement, creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and conceptual understanding. The study also identifies major challenges such as digital inequality, inadequate teacher training, infrastructural limitations, and socio-economic disparities. The paper concludes that effective implementation of innovative teaching-learning strategies requires strong policy support, teacher empowerment, technological accessibility, and continuous pedagogical reforms.